Downsizing in America :: Essays Papers

Scaling down in America - INTRODUCTION - Cutting back, rebuilding, rightsizing, even a term as dark as registration rearrangement has been utilized to portray the plague that has been influencing corporate America for quite a long time and has left a large number of its most focused representatives without work. In the 1980’s, twenty-five percent of center administration was wiped out in the United States (Greenberg/Baron 582). In the 1990’s, one million administrators of American partnerships with pay rates over $40,000 additionally lost their positions (Greenberg/Baron 582). Altogether, Fortune 500 organizations have wiped out 4.4 million situations since 1979 (Greenberg/Baron 627). In spite of the fact that this cutting back of organizations can have numerous purposes for it and can't be evaded on occasion, there are basic estimates an organization can take to make the procedure simpler on the laid-off representatives and the individuals who make due with the organization. - STAGES OF DOWNSIZING - The scaling down procedure can for the most part be separated into three unmistakable stages. The main stage is known as the indicative stage. In this stage, the board staff arranges and decides the measure of expenses and costs that should be diminished, and what amount can come out of cutbacks (Moore 49). This stage for the most part takes around a few months to finish. During this time, the upper administration audits every single monetary record so as to decide what amount must be cut from compensation consumptions (Moore 50). This stage is finished up when the senior administration has a nitty gritty arrangement on who will be given up, and who will stay with the organization. During this stage, there is one regular error numerous organizations make: absence of correspondence. The center administration is normally kept separate from all scaling back plans. This isn't right and makes a serious mix-up. Center administration ought to be viewed as an important device for giving info where cuts ought to be made (Moore 51). The following phase of cutting back is the execution stage. During this stage the representatives are laid off. The time between a declaration and the real cutback ought to be as short as could be expected under the circumstances. This will nearly safeguard that a frenzy will be dodged, and give an away from of the current circumstance without causing widespread panic. In an administrative position, it is hard to disclose to a representative that the individual in question is being laid off, however Terrence Moore gives a rule on how it ought to be finished. Casual banter ought to be maintained a strategic distance from. The executives ought to plainly clarify that the worker is being laid off and be set up to respond to questions legitimately; abstain from avoiding the real issue.

Socialism In The Jungle Essay Example For Students

Communism In The Jungle Essay The Rudkus family showed up from Lithuania to discover Chicago as a city in which equity and respect, womens bodies and mens spirits, were available to be purchased in the commercial center, and individuals squirmed and battled and fell upon one another like two-timers, in which desires were seething flames, and men were fuel, and humankind was putrefying and stewing and floundering in its own defilement. (Pg.165) The city, during the time length of the novel, was really a wilderness like society in which Upton Sinclair discovered a lot of issue and extraordinary opportunity to get better. Sinclair saw the issue in American culture to be the rule of free enterprise. In The Jungle, he gave the peruser the Rudkus family; who experienced a lot of struggle and anguish, through which the shades of malice of American private enterprise were depicted. Upton Sinclair firmly had confidence in the intensity of the Socialist party as methods for change, with the goal that the common laborers wo uld at last have a reasonable possibility of endurance against the unforgiving domains of society. By havocking Americas guessed entrepreneur initiated issues upon Jurgis and his family, Upton Sinclair utilized The Jungle as methods for communist special purposeful publicity. The Rudkus family met hordes of horrendous events during their battle in Chicago. When the family went to the United States was a time of horrifying conditions for the regular workers. At this period of history there were for all intents and purposes no work environment wellbeing guidelines by any stretch of the imagination. Businesses were allowed to direct work conditions as they saw fit for their very own government assistance. Nor were there social security nets, for example, workmans pay, government assistance, or joblessness protection. Likewise, if an individual was genuinely harmed at work to the point that he was kept from working, he was just unemployed with no resistance of the harmed inquisitive of his activity being held during recuperation. Courts as of now were firmly ace business, and not open to laborers cases of manager obligation regarding work environment mishaps. Jurgis and his family were confronted with numerous quandaries identified with these poor environmental factors and conditions. The family hurriedly observed that they should enter the opposition constrained upon them in a social Darwinist style. At the point when he initially showed up in Packingtown, Jurgis looked for some kind of employment rapidly in the meat pressing industry in view of his solid, youthful height. As the years passed by, be that as it may, and he developed tormented with wounds and monetary difficulties, Jurgis looked for some kind of employment to be evermore hard to acquire and hold. The social framework got serious about the family and offered no place for the Rudkus to turn for help. Not exclusively did the family unearth challenges in their work environments, however in essential everyday environments too. Jurgis and his family seen such monstrosities, as infant Antanas sadly suffocating in the unpaved streets, decimating budgetary misfortune through decept ion concerning the buy and guardianship of their home, and unsanitary meat stuffed and sold for normal utilization. Such staggering commotion was engaged with basically the entirety of the Rudkus familys day by day exercises and never stopped to cause uneasiness and stress in their overburdened lives. This destruction drove relatives to radical endeavors at endurance and trust in certain methods for freedom from their terrible new lives in America. From the start, Jurgis fled from everything, seeking after the life of a liberated individual setting off crosscountry. Marija went to prostitution, after Jurgis fled from them, as methods for making end meat for the family. Ona was persuaded that she would cause the familys destruction without her collaboration in Conners rough sexual requests. Offspring of the family embarked to work as opposed to picking up the indispensable training that they were so meriting and destitute of. Likewise, the older Dede Antanas set off to work regardles s of his feeble physical state. Jurgis became consistently progressively worn out as he matured in understanding and years. He once contemplated internally in a condition of incredible setback and enduring, It is an instance of us or the other individual. In these domains and others, nothing is checked except for severe may, a request conceived by the individuals who had it for the enslavement of the individuals who didn't. (Pg.229) Luckily, Jurgis wound up in the domain of a Socialist show. He was wonderfully illuminated

How to Use Apush Exam Long Essay Student Samples to Write an Effective Essay

How to Use Apush Exam Long Essay Student Samples to Write an Effective EssayApush exam long essay student samples are always going to be the best way to go if you have a long essay to write. Some of the best essay students that are available online and offline are going to do a great job helping you learn how to effectively write essays. It is not really an easy task when you have to write an essay. However, if you find a way to hone your skills on writing a long essay then this will be very beneficial.There are many ways that you can approach writing an essay. You could go online or offline and look for many different essay samples. This would be a good idea if you want to write an essay for your APUSH exam.However, if you want to learn how to do a little bit better with a more specific writing style then you should consider going online and looking at many different ways to help you get started. Some people find it very hard to just be able to write an essay. In order to be able to write a coherent and well written essay then you will need to be able to do things properly.If you find that there are too many samples to choose from then you should just start doing research and look at all the different sources that are available for essays. Remember that the purpose of taking the APUSH exam is to get a real good grade so you don't want to make mistakes.As mentioned above, there are many different essay writing tutorials that are available online. However, when you are looking at these resources it is best to pick the ones that focus on specific styles of writing.Of course, if you just need some help writing an essay then you should pick tutorials that will provide you with examples on how to do essay styles. This is the bestway to learn how to write an essay by doing it yourself.Many people like to take essay writing tutorials from other students who have already learned the ins and outs of writing an essay. However, if you want to learn how to do an essay with out any kind of guidance then you should consider going back to school. This is because there are so many different types of essay formats.For example, if you are going to be doing an APUSH exam then you should study all the different essay writing styles that are available. Once you have learned how to do an essay in all the different formats then you should use the essay writing tutorials that will provide you with examples. This will allow you to learn how to write an essay without having to worry about figuring out what essay writing style is best for you.

The Yellow Wallpaper And Gilmans Vital Symbolism

The Yellow Wallpaper Gilman’s Vital Symbolism â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in which she describes the treatment of a woman diagnosed with a nervous disorder by her doctor and is prescribed the â€Å"rest cure.† The story describes the submissive, childlike obedience of women to men that was considered typical at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the story, there are many symbols that highlight women’s infantilization within marriage and a sexist society. The symbolism of the wallpaper and the woman trapped within it are essential for the message of Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. In order to understand this one must first look at the author’s life. According to Elain Hedges, who†¦show more content†¦The narrator is diagnosed with a â€Å"nervous disorder† and is ordered by her physician, who also happens to be her husband, to abstain from most activity and all intellectual work. The same treatment Gilman was forced to take part in. The narrator is deprived of any stimulus or outlet for thought or action, and she begins to obsess over the yellow wallpaper. Her discovery of the women trapped in the pattern in the wallpaper symbolizes the pattern of behaviors and practices that trap the female sex. For Gilman, the conventional nineteenth-century middle-class marriage, with its rigid distinction between the â€Å"domestic† functions of the female and the â€Å"active† work of the male, ensured that women remained second-class citizens. In the short story, the reader gets the sense that the narrator feels like the wallpaper is a text she must interpret, that it symbolizes something that affects her directly. Its symbolism progresses throughout the story. At first, it is just ugly and unappealing to look at because it is ripped, soiled, and an â€Å"unclean yellow.† It eventually captivates the narrator as she tries to figure out the seemingly formless pattern. The narrator eventually begins to hallucinate an eerie sub-pattern behind the main pattern. Ultimately, the sub-pattern comes into focus as a frantic woman, continually crawling and hunched,Show MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Yellow Wallpaper, By Charlotte Perkins Gilman785 Words   |  4 PagesMolly Melching once said â€Å"to change society, we first must change minds.† In the story of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, she tells a haunting and feminist masterpiece of a marriage in which both the narrator and her husband are trapped in their assigned roles. The story focuses on the narrators condition as she slowly loses sense of reality, being misunderstood and misdiagnosed by her husband who believes that the best treatment is to confine herself to her room andRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins1189 Words   |  5 PagesAubi-Ann Genus Ms.Vedula 4 December 2015 â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† a Feminist Story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gillman focuses on the oppression of women in the 19th century. The story introduces us into the awareness of a woman who is slowly going insane over the course of the summer. She recently just gave birth to a baby and is most likely suffering from some type of depression. Analyzing this story, we see the frustrations of women during The Victorian era. Women were manipulatedRead MoreSymbolism of the Setting of The Yellow Wallpaper1198 Words   |  5 PagesVolpe 1 Marissa Volpe Prof. Baker ENC 1102 4/10/14 Symbolism In The Gothic Setting of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gothic literature is incredibly distinct. There is a sort of formula involved with writing in the Gothic style, and one of the most important aspects of this is the setting, which can include anything from the architecture of the buildings to the color of the leaves on the trees. The setting of a story is a vital element, as it would seem to be that the most effective way of drawing Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper2144 Words   |  9 PagesWith these views in mind, it is common knowledge that in 1892 Charlotte Perkins Gilman published her well-known short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† to address a large problem from her time. This story was controversial and groundbreaking because most people at that time did not understand Postpartum Depression. Most doctors believed only in what they could see, and as a result, the majority thought that women were just nervous and had slight hysterical tendencies. Gilman experienced first hand theRead MoreSymbolism1922 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent ideas brought into their text. That’s what I think symbolism means in terms of English Literature. It is creating the background for us readers. The author wants us to connect the dots in the story. When the author makes the connection, we are more en gaged and interested in what else he has to write. Most symbols used in literature are objects used to represent other things or ideas. There are several ways to recognize symbolism in literature. One of common ways is the frequency an objectRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pageslogically relate to one another? 6. Is the ending appropriate to and consistent with the rest of the plot? 7. Is the plot plausible? What role, if any, do chance and coincidence play? CHARACTER The relationship between plot and character is a vital and necessary one. Without character, there would be no plot and, hence, no story. For most readers of fiction the primary attraction lies in the characters, in the endlessly fascinating collection of men and women whose experiences and adventures

Chosen People Ministries As A Non Profit Organization

Chosen People Ministries is another non-profit organization whose purpose is to evangelize and disciple Jewish people around the world. The organization was founded in 1894 by Leopold Cohn, a Jewish immigrant who is a believer in the Lord Jesus Christ, and his passion is to share that with other fellow Jewish people. Chosen People Ministries serves Jewish people in sixteen countries across the world. The main focus of the organization is to reach Jewish people for Christ through evangelism and discipleship, equipping believers to share the gospel with Jewish people, providing resources in print and on the web, and doing benevolence work. Chosen People Ministries has international messianic centers in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Berlin, and†¦show more content†¦Another short-term outreach is â€Å"Outreach Israel† which is a short-term missions trip for college students and people 18-30 who are interested in reaching Jews for Christ. Outreach Israel offers many opportunities for training and evangelism in order that the gospel may be proclaimed to God’s chosen people. Chosen People Ministries also offers full-time missionary opportunities for those who are interested in pursuing full-time Jewish evangelism. Chosen People Ministries also offers internships and volunteer work to build up and equip people for the work of Jewish evangelism. The ministry also provides training through the Charles L. Feinberg Center of Jewish messianic studies. The Center provides a Master of Divinity degree in Messianic Jewish studies. The program is designed specifically for those who are called into full-time ministry as a missionary, leader, or outreach director to reach Jewish people for Christ. The program is a great way to train and equip people to become missionaries in order to reach Jewish people with the gospel. Chosen People Ministries also provides valuable resources to train and equip people to reach Jews for Christ in Israel (and around the world). One b ook the ministry produces is How to Introduce Your Jewish Friends to the Messiah. It is a valuable resource as it begins with a purpose statement, followed by understanding the Jewish people and culture, how to

The Impact Of Fdi On The Economy Of The Country And...

Chapter: 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The research aims to find out the impact of FDI on economy of the country and current trend of FDI in retailing sector of India with specific reference to E-Commerce. This section presents the discussion of various authors and researchers on the topic of research. The section start with defining concept of FDI and presenting its impact on economy. As the case of retail sector of India is considered to understand the impact of FDI , recent trend of FDI in India and its impact on economy is discussed. Further the retail sector with specific reference to E-commerce sector is discussed in light of FDI and the trends, advantages and disadvantages associated with the FDI in E-commerce sector is†¦show more content†¦Resources that are invested by foreign companies help in boosting the economic development that also includes increase in employment rate. Output of the country increases as FDI bring along with them new technology, efficient management that make use of resources effici ently, and make use of unemployed population of recipient country. Many researchers have focused the positive aspects associated with FDI (Xu and Wang, 2007). Country like India which is in developing phase FDI is an important factor to grow rapidly with the use of transferred technology, managerial skills and best practice techniques from foreign developed countries (Hill,2000). A lot of advantages like, gain in capital, training , skill aquisition, knowledge of new technology, and different management practices are associated with the FDI in recipient country . Jenkins and Thomas (2002) argue that FDI can contribute to economic growth not only by providing foreign capital but also by crowding in additional domestic investment; so it increases the total growth effect of FDI. Barrel and Pain (1997) conducted the analysis of impact of FDI and found that in UK alone due to FDI there is growth in 30% productivity of labour between year 1985 -1995. Productivity of the domestic companies also increases by FDI. As FDI provides opportunity for local businesses to interact with foreign companies thus assists in understanding the management skills which results in replication ofShow MoreRelatedForeign Direct Investment ( Fdi )1329 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction 1.1 Research Background Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) refers to an investment made by a firm or entity based in one country into a firm or entity based in another country. The investing firm may make its overseas investment in many forms, like mergers and acquisition or building new facilities in overseas (Hannon Reddy, 2012). Thus, FDI have been a significant driver of economic development in China since the start of the Reform and Opening Policy in 1978 – 1979. Since the startRead MoreThe Impact Of Fdi And On Indian Stock Market3237 Words   |  13 Pagesdevelopment in both developed and developing countries. FDI and FII thus have become instruments of international economic integration and incentive. Fast growing economies like China, Singapore etc., have registered unbelievable growth at onset of FDI. Though US captures most of the FDI inflows, developing countries still account for significant growth of FDI and rise in FII. FDI not only gives access to foreign capital but also provides dome stic countries with cutting edge technology, desired skillRead MoreFdi Inflow, Current Account Balance, Inflation and Interest Rate: How Do They Impact the Malaysian Economy?8688 Words   |  35 PagesMasters of Science (Banking) UUM-IBBM WBB 6013: SEMINAR IN BANKING FDI Inflow, Current Account Balance, Inflation And Interest Rate: How Do They Impact The Malaysian Economy? By Siva Kumar Kandiah (Matric No: 89306) ___________________________________________________________ Abstract This article seeks to find which of the macroeconomic variables among FDI inflow, current account balance, inflation and interest rate play a significant role in economic growth in Malaysia usingRead MoreEconomic Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and Its Impact on Trade and Growth in Pakistan3124 Words   |  13 PagesFOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON TRADE AND GROWTH IN PAKISTAN† SUBMITTED BY: â€Å"SHIRAZ KHAN† (6001) TOPIC Economic Analysis of Foreign Direct Investment and its Impact on Trade and Growth in Pakistan AUTHOR Shiraz Khan Business Graduate, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan. ABSTRACT Foreign direct investment (FDI) in context of Pakistan is one of the major contributors that help Pakistan to minimize the gap of financial resources and funds. FDI has played a significant and vitalRead MoreFdi in Pakistan6409 Words   |  26 PagesLETTER OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 3 WHAT IS FDI? 3 CLASSIFICATION OF FDI 3 CLASSIFIATION OF A FOREIGN INVESTOR 3 IMPORTANCE OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT TO A COUNTRY 3 INCENTIVES OF FDI 4 FDI AND THE CURRENT SITUATION GLOBALLY 5 FDI Flow 6 FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN PAKISTAN 7 TRADE TRENDS IN PAKISTAN 9 FDI IN PAKISTAN (THE CURRNET SITUATION) 9 STRUCTURAL PATTERN OF FDI IN PAKISTAN 13 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS 14 REFERENCES 19 LETTERRead MoreComparative Study of Fdi Flow to India and China2387 Words   |  10 PagesEditors@asiaentrepreneurshipjournal.com COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FDI IN CHINA AND INDIA Dr. Swapna S. Sinha swapnassinha@yahoo.com Dr. David H. Kent dkent@ggu.edu Dr. Hamid Shomali hshomali@ggu.edu Ageno School of Business Golden Gate University 536 Mission St. San Francisco, CA 94105 Tel: 415-442-6500 Abstract Some emerging markets have been leaders in the world and have grown at a higher rate benefiting from higher Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) by Trans National Corporations (TNCs) and some have beenRead MoreEconomic Commission For Afric A Perspective Of Foreign Direct Investment ( Fdi ) Inflows And Intra Trade Relations1765 Words   |  8 PagesAfrica: A perspective of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and intra-trade relations Abraham Rukevwe Idogho Summary of EC mandate Primarily, the Economic commission for Africa (EC) pursue an â€Å"integrated economic agenda†, which calls for free trade and custom union agreements among the various trading blocs in Africa, and it also provides platforms for global demand for African exports, attract inflows of foreign direct investments (FDI), and negotiate favourable trade agreements with foreignRead MoreFdi Boon or Bane5112 Words   |  21 PagesFDI FDI in Retail –BOON OR BANE *MD13109* Abstract: India is the attractive and profit oriented market for the investment to developed countries. Despite its good surplus and evergreen sector, the Retail-business in India lacks in Capital Investment and lack of transparency. The retailers are just focusing on urban sector and are unable to penetrate in rural sector. FDI can be one solution that will lead to the expected development. If FDI is allowed in Retail-sector, it will help RetailersRead MoreFdi Of Digital Indi An Initiative Of Government Of India Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesFDI IN DIGITAL INDIA Dr. Shobha Edward,M.C.S.,M.Phil.,P.G.D.P.M.L.L.,P.G.D.C.S.M.,D.L.T.,Ph.D., Associate Professor, Principal i/c Head of the Department of Corporate Secretaryship, K.C.S.Kasi Nadar College of Arts Science. Email: shobhaedward@gmail.com _________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Digital India is an initiative of Government of India to integrate the government departments and the people of India. Digital India mission is expected toRead MoreThe Competitive Worlds Growth Of A Business1456 Words   |  6 Pagesmagnified for a country, where some economies as whole are credit to International demand till a great extent. In case of few countries, namely Japan and South Korea, that initially functioned as Protectionist, looking after the domestic market, open their markets after WWII and adapted export driven attitude, since being endogenous can’t work well in small populated countries. South Korea proved to have a good model of how a low income country became high income country. When countries around the world

Ken Kesey Essay Example For Students

Ken Kesey Essay During the course of the last fifty years, society has changed significantly. Inmodern society a great emphasis is placed on individualism and diversity withina society. It is rare that an individual would be ridiculed or forced to changesimply for not complying with what society views as normal. This hasnot always been the case though. The nineteen fifties were much different. Thiswas an era of social conformity. The members of society who were intent onmaintaining this social state ostracized individuals who were consideredabnormal. Such abnormal individuals just simply acceptedthe fact that they were not part of this normal society. Because of societysinfluence, these people sought help in psychiatric wards in attempts to betterthemselves and thus fit into society. By doing so, they let society conform andmold them into what was thought as normal. Ken Kesey was a man inthis era that did not believe in social conformity. Kesey, along with hisfollowers set off on a mission to open t he minds of people who were focused onmaintaining this status quo. Ken Keseys journey led him to write One Flew OverThe Cuckoos Nest. This novel focuses on the struggle between individuals whoare intent on keeping things the same with those who are considereddifferent. Harding is a character in the novel that is limited byopposing forces of society and who in turn, seeks refuge in hopes to beaccepted. With the influence of McMurphy, Harding changes from an apprehensiverabbit to a self-assured man. This change illustrates Keseys viewthat an individual can realize the worth of their life through self-acceptanceand reliance on ones self rather than conforming to social norms. Harding admitshimself in the psychiatric hospital because he is abnormal in asociety that highly values normality. discovered at an early age that wasdifferent? indulged in certain practices thatsocietyregards as shameful(pg. 294). Admitting himself in the hospital isHardings way of succumbing to the forces of s ociety. He simply accepts the factthat without help he will never fit in the real world. Harding knowsthat This world belongs to the strong(pg.62). For this reason hefelt that is why he belonged in the hospital. The hospital is a place where good strong wolf like the Nurse teach place(pg.62). Initially with no self-esteem, Harding lets the Nurse andthe other hospital staff tell him how to live. When initially questioned of hisabnormal life by the other patients and the staff, Harding his thinshoulders folded nearly together around himselfhis hands trapped between hiskneestrying to look calm-but hes chewing his cheeksnot calm at all(pg.54). Harding is a nervous man who finds it difficult to deal with hisdifferences and simply follows societys commands in order to keep things easy. Hardings views and behaviors start to change slowly as he associates more withRandle McMurphy. McMurphy enters the ward involuntarily and has a much differentoutlook on life than the other patients. McMurphy places a great influence onbeing an individual and goes to great extents to be just that. He is a leaderand not a follower. His straightforward tactics and self-confidence allow him tofreely express his values. Along with these attributes, McMurphy also treats theother patients normal and does not treat them how society does. By treating themas equals and by instilling into them his views and ethics, they are able to seethe world differently. McMurphys concern with the music that dulls thesenses shows another side of him as well. It shows his concern andconsideration for his peers. A more important feature of McMurphy is that heshows no shame. This shows the patients, including Harding, that there is noneed to fell shame for being who they are. Amongst these things, McMurphyteach es the patients the power of trying and believing in ones self. McMurphyattempts to lift the panel in order to try to escape and he fails. Even thoughhe failed in the end, he still had enough confidence to try. The lesson islearnt that it is far better to try and fail than to never even try. Looking atMcMurphys actions and values shows that he is perceptive and sensitive toothers. He is able to see the mens weaknesses and attempts to build them up. Hehopes that in the end they will see Big Nurses strategy and be able to stand ontheir own feet and fight her ways. It is with McMurphys lead and stronginfluence that Harding is able to see that there is nothing to be afraid of. .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .postImageUrl , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:hover , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:visited , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:active { border:0!important; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:active , .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620 .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2af2988e2f41068c98ad4be3bc27620:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Family Essay SummaryHarding slowly learns from McMurphy and makes realizations about himself. Fromthese realizations he starts to change his ways and fight the powers of society. When the patients are told by Big Nurse that they cant watch the baseball gameHarding shuts off the buffer. and goes pulls him a chair up alongsideMcMurphy(pg.138). Instead of obeying the Nurse as usual, Harding beginsto think and act for himself. When McMurphy arranges a fishing trip Harding iseager to go along. His nervous and apprehensive ways have begun to change. Thefishing trip is significant because it shows Hardings independence and hisinitial ability to act without McMurphy. When the boys fish are biting Hardingtakes charge for the first time. Harding finally saw that McMurphy wasntgoing to do anything, he got the gaff and jerked fish into the boat with aclean, graceful motion like hes been boating all his life(pg.236). Forthe first time without McMurphy by his side, Harding sees that he is able todepend on himself in the real world. When Harding returns from the fishing tripthings begin to change even more. Candy and Sandra sneak into the ward and theyall have a party. Har ding knows the consequences of the party will be great andhe begins to make plans as to what must be done. He makes plans for McMurphysescape and thinks of every aspect of what must be said and done. Harding wouldnever have thought of this type of action before McMurphy came along. Hardingsintricate plans and clever defense of McMurphy show that he is no longer afollower. His confidence and new outlook on life have changed his waysdrastically. Once a timid nervous man, who simply accepted his so-calledabnormality, Harding is now able to depend on himself and accept who he is. Oncethought of by Harding as the strong wolf, he now sees the Nurse asnothing more than . full of so much bull*censored*(pg.307). Harding fought against the Nurse and left the hospital with his wife afterMcMurphy opened his eyes as to what life was about. For the first time in hislife Harding rejected the status quo. One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest is apowerful novel that has a deep meaning. It does not simply tell the story of apsychiatric ward. The novel goes further to explore the importance ofself-esteem and self-reliance. It focuses on the power of individualism in anera when such a thing was shunned. The changes in Hardings attitude reflectKeseys personal rebellion against social conformity.

Global Forces and European Brewing Industry

Comparion Of Destinations For Fishing Vacations Tourism Essays

Comparion Of Destinations For Fishing Vacations Tourism Essays Comparion Of Destinations For Fishing Vacations Tourism Essay Comparion Of Destinations For Fishing Vacations Tourism Essay The odor of the sea, the spray in your face and the sound of the marlin sizzling in the fire, that is what a fishing holiday is all about. It is a H2O escapade and an alien geographic expedition all at the same clip. Many topographic points such as Guatemala, Belize and the Falkland Islands have come on to the map of universe touristry chiefly due to their astonishing fishing evidences. Even popular finishs such as Hawaii and Mauritius have 1000s of travellers sing them each twelvemonth to indulge entirely in fishing. Fishing holidaies have been deriving popularity of all time since they were introduced as an add-on to box touring. Nowadays, about every travel bureau and circuit operator offers angling holidaies for clients. These offerings can be every bit basic as merely forming the sailing boat to taking persons to angle evidences or every bit dynamic as an across-the-board fishing holiday. Most people opt for fishing as one of the activities of the holiday, but some visit topographic points merely to run them down. An across-the-board fishing holiday is a approval in camouflage. An across-the-board fishing holiday is designed and managed by circuit operators as per the client s penchants. It takes attention of all possible aspects of a holiday from conveyance and lodging to angling equipment and waterway entree. Tour operators by and large have pre-planned bundles for holidaies to the popular fishing finishs. On the other manus, less frequented Michigans may non be charted out for an across-the-board travel. However, certain circuit operators will make a holiday program for clients given some sum of clip. When set uping for across-the-board fishing holidaies, the full disbursal for the trip is to be paid up front and this cost is normally much lower than persons paying for each characteristic individually. However, a certain sum of cautiousness is advised while paying since the averments of the operator can non be confirmed. The best to acquire around this job is to obtain citations from at least five celebrated circuit operators and so take the most suited. Fishing VACATIONS PACKAGES Some people go on holidaies to wind off and watch the universe base on balls by and other travel to catch up on life and all that they stopped making due to the deficiency of clip. Fishing in add-on to being a pickup that can accommodate the gustatory sensation of both these sorts of travellers, is besides an activity that the full household can bask. Fishing holidaies can be of two types. The first sort is where angling takes up a big portion of the holiday clip, but other activities and mainland travel besides find topographic point on the agenda. The other type of angling holiday is spent about entirely on and around assorted H2O organic structures and no other activity is given much importance. The first assortment is suited for households and water-sport partisans where as the 2nd fishing holiday is designed for those who are into competitory fishing. Fishing holiday bundles are available for both types of travellers and cover a broad scope of angling finishs. Fishing holiday bundles by and large cover the rudimentss such as ticket engagement, adjustment agreements and the conveyance to angling evidences. A circuit operator lays out a travel program that is by and large formulated without the inputs of the traveller. Travel bureaus execute the program and at times agents accompany going parties to do the procedure drum sander. Packages can be enhanced to include other installations such as rental vehicles, repasts and site visual perception. At times the bundle can besides widen to include a assortment of angling finishs across different states. Such bundles could really good connote that travellers can stagger in Salmon from the Alaskan seashore one hebdomad, so be cruising across the Cape of Good Hope and still hold clip to angle for Marlin in the Great Barrier Reef. Package Tourss can be rather a alleviation for those who find holiday planning tiresome. However, one thing needs to be kept in head that with a bundle fishing circuit, people have to travel with what the circuit operator offers. There can be great pecuniary benefit but at times the independency to make one s ain thing is lost. DEEP SEA FISHING VACATIONS The sea can be a horrid enemy that can wipe out life in a affair of proceedingss or a dependable friend that will maintain the deepest secret. The human captivation of the sea began with the really first primitive that stepped off the land to claim his luck in the H2O. In the enormousness of the ocean, worlds can pass eons and yet come back for more. There can be few things as quieting to the nervousnesss racked by worldly force per unit area as the deep blue sea. There is no noise except the lapping H2O and no intervention except blowing air current and there are few better ways to bask this repose than indulging in some deep-sea fishing. Although deep-sea fishing holidaies are non every bit popular as other fishing holidaies, the construct is catching on. Deep see angling refers to runing fish that dwell at least 200 m below the surface of the H2O and is carried out at least two stat mis off the seashore. This kind of fishing requires major investings of clip and therefore deep-sea fishing holidaies are non the best manner to pass clip with households. Fish such as the Anglers, Lantern fish and assortments of Shark make the deep-sea their place. Due to the rapid diminution in such species, deep-sea fishing is illegal in many countries of the universe. Hence, before shiping on deep-sea fishing holidaies, persons need to look into up on the environmental background of the countries. Besides many times, particular governmental permission is required to carry on fishing activities in a peculiar portion of the territorial Waterss. Deep-sea fishing requires specialised equipment such as luminescent enticements and longer thicker lines. These things are non available everyplace and so travellers must go forth for their holidaies to the full prepared. Owing to the deficiency of popularity, it is improbable that regular going bureaus will be able to plan an reliable deep-sea fishing holiday bundle for clients. Most bureaus that claim to make so really carry on sea and beach fishing Tourss that may or may non include deep-sea Sessionss. COSTA RICA FISHING VACATIONS Think of the Caribbean and instantly images of deep blue Waterss, colourful reefs and stretches of flaxen beach flood the head. The part is a fishing Eden and makes for some of the most electrifying fishing holidaies in the full universe. Although many states such as Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela holding coastlines along the Caribbean Sea, the most visited fishing holiday finish is Costa Rica. The chief ground for this, apart organize the rancid American dealingss with the staying states, is the location of Costa Rica. The Costa Rican seashore signifiers portion of a sheltered cove and the surrounding Waterss are unagitated and placid even when the staying Caribbean is disruptive with tropical storms. Furthermore, the Continental shelf, where the fishes are most abundant, stretches from Cost Rica for a really long distance into the sea, doing it one of the most perfect fishing evidences in the universe. Costa Rica offers visitants the chance to angle in rivers, along the beach or in the deep sea and there are agreements to take travellers to take finishs. The state has many angling hot spots that have been converted in to vacation small towns to function those on angling holidaies. They have commissariats for all the necessary equipment and water-transport, which visitants can lease for a specified figure of hours. Visitors have the chance to see fly-fishing, sail fishing or Tarpon atlanticus fishing all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. In fact, the fish available in the H2O as per season has merely three categorizations good, really good and first-class. Visitors can swear local ushers to demo them the best fishing musca volitanss in each season. The small towns besides have installations to entertain members of the going group that do nt happen fishing every bit amusive as the others. These include cultural accoutrements shop, java plantations, horseback equitation and visits to t he antediluvian ruins in the state. Since Costa Rica is seeking to advance itself as a fishing finish, about all travel bureaus have Costa Rica angling holidaies on offer. TROPICAL Fishing VACATIONS Fishing has been popular all over the universe as a avocation every bit good as a athletics. Many people take to it as a signifier of relaxation and therefore a fishing holiday becomes the most ideal program for them in the vacations. The country that lies between the Torrid Zones of Cancer and Capricorn is called the Tropical zone. This part receives the maximal sum of sunshine every bit good as rainfall and is considered the most fertile on the planet. The tropical Waterss have ever been the best hunting evidences for fish and fishing is the staple signifier of nutriment in the surrounding parts. Most of the fishing that is carried out in the tropical Waterss is commercial, nevertheless many coastal citations and small towns offer tourists the opportunity to see a tropical fishing holiday. The best topographic points to prosecute in some tropical fishing are the coastal Waterss of Australia s Northern Territories and the Caribbean states such as Costa Rica and Belize. The islands in the Indian Ocean such as Mauritius, Andaman A ; Nicobar and Bali among others are finishs for fishing every bit good as alien beach holidaies. In North America, the Florida Keys has made a name for itself as a tropical fishing land. Many circuit operators provide across-the-board holidaies and angling holiday bundles to the Torrid Zones. However, non all tropical states fall on this list, as some are hostile towards visitants or are excessively hapless to back up a touristry industry. Furthermore, the tropic is normally hot and people non used to the clime can easy fall quarry to the heat. Besides, the Torrid Zones are a hotbed for diseases such as malaria and dandy fever and visitants are advised to take all necessary safeguards to safeguard their wellness. Apart from these jobs, the Torrid Zones are a oasis of natural beauty with everything from privy beaches to dense wood with some of the universe s most rare natural life. It is recommended that travellers seek out all the bangs of tropical life even if they are at that place merely to angle. MEXICO Fishing VACATIONS The North American state of Mexico is renowned for its antediluvian admirations and the countrified manner of life. However, the state has astonishing coastlines and the publicity of fishing as a tourer activity is fast catching on. With the Pacific Ocean to the West and the Atlantic to the East, H2O about envelops the state of Mexico. The clime is more or less tropical and fishing can be carried all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. Many resorts have been set up in recent old ages to advance fishing holidaies for households and twosomes. These are chiefly found studing the coastal countries of the Gulf of California and the Gulf of Mexico. The state besides has a little extent of coastal Waterss in the Caribbean Sea and many Tourss are organized from different parts of the state to assist tourers savor the bang of fishing in the Caribbean. The touristry ministry itself organizes holidaies for going groups that are based on the construct of enjoyment in the H2O. These bundles include rafting, surfing and deep sea plunging in add-on to fishing and offer visitants the opportunity to see the wildlife and natural beauty of the state. Mexico has installations for about all types of fishing activities that exist in the universe. There is fly-fishing along the Baja seashore, where visitants can anticipate to stagger in xanthous five Tuna or Green Jackss or if travellers prefer bigger bites so there is the option of deep-sea fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. Sometimes Mexico is visited as portion of an all-American fishing holiday and at times people besides get to see the state entirely and see all the fishing it has to offer. Mexico fishing holidaies are frequently long trips where travellers crisscross the state to make the best fishing evidences. Very frequently, these trips are organized entirely for amateurs and they are learning the fast ones of the trade on the manner. LUXURY FISHING VACATIONS It was earlier thought that the words fishing and luxury could non look in the same sentence because one refers to worldly amenitiess and the other to acquiring down and soil along riversides. But the touristry industry has overcome bigger jobs and their construct of luxury fishing holidaies is fast going a phenomenon the universe over. Fishing has been a popular past-time activity for many old ages, with people all over the universe turning to it as a kind of loosen uping escapade. With the lifting celebrity of certain parts of the universe as fishing and water-sport hot spots the private fishing industry has boomed. People engage in travel to the remotest parts of the universe in order to acquire that one large gimmick lighting worldwide angling trips. This had lead to the debut of holiday bundles centered on fishing, designed to delight everyone from households to seasoned fishermen. Many of these holidaies besides include activities such as rafting, scuba diving and nature trails for environmental consciousness. Some fishing holidaies are besides based in beach towns and fishing small towns that offer traveler a opportunity to see the local life every bit good as the fishing. What s more is that such resorts have activities that can maintain kids and other members of the group that do non wish to angle occupied . Luxury angling holidaies refer to the luxury cruises aboard yachts and sail line drives focused on client comfort. These are entirely marine trips, although some will pass at least a twenty-four hours or two near estuaries and riversides. Fishing Stationss are set up at the bow and travellers are encouraged to dunk their lines every clip the ship ground tackles. The ship by and large carries excess fishing equipment, but riders are free to utilize their ain things every bit good. Ushers move to and fro among the fishing crowd to give information on the part of the sea and place the species caught. Amateurs can besides avail of lessons on board. SALTWATER FISHING VACATIONS Fishing holidaies have truly caught on in the universe of travel and have converted an vague avocation in to a well-loved signifier of amusement. Most travellers have a preference for fishing in the unfastened sea and to provide to them, travel operators have come up with advanced seawater angling holiday bundles. Fishing holidaies are a fun manner to pass clip with loved 1s while prosecuting in a relaxing activity. Many topographic points around the universe have dedicated a important sum of their fishing activities to advance touristry. Coastal parts are now equipped with vacation resorts and holiday small towns that conduct daily angling trips in to the local Waterss. Most of these resorts are located along privy beaches, surrounded by warm tropical Waterss. Therefore, with a fishing holiday, travellers get to see some of the most alien locations the universe has to offer. Furthermore, many fishing holidaies concentrate on pointing the travellers towards nature and keep regular kayaking and trekking expeditions along with the fishing trip. Saltwater fishing is carried out in salty or brackish H2O along the seashores, in the deep-sea or in estuaries and swamps. Beach angling refers to projecting the line from the land or from boats anchored near to the beach. It is the most successful signifier of angling on a holiday since most of the fish species are found near to the seashore. Visitors can anticipate to catch Tuna, Cod, Pike and Barracuda. However, safeguards need to be taken because unsafe species such as Lionfish and Bow-jellies are besides based in the shoals near the seashore. Deep-sea fishing is much more boring and requires fishing-enthusiasts to travel approximately two stat mis off from the seashore. Many of the fish caught in this part of the ocean such as Anglers and Hatchet are non comestible. Furthermore, the deep-sea environment has been seeing drastic debasement due to over-fishing and any such activity carried out in the part will merely harm the eco-system farther. Estuary fishing is chiefly fly-fishi ng and requires travellers to acquire down and soil within the swamps. FLORIDA FISHING VACATIONS The southern province of sunlight Florida has a batch of grounds to pull visitants. The Everglades, the beaches, the cabarets and so much more that keeps people clamouring to return to the provinces all the clip. One thing, nevertheless that does non have really high on the list of attractive forces is the fishing that the Waterss around Florida offer. The Florida Keys that prevarication within the Gulf of Mexico are the scenes for some of the most exiting fishing in the universe. The parts have great conditions conditions and the H2O are pullulating with fishes of every assortment. Each season different assortments populate the H2O and about all of them are suited as gimmick. Visitors can bask staggering in some Bass, Crappies, Trout and even the occasional Shark in these Waterss. However, since the Shark populations are on a crisp diminution in the universe s Waterss and we stand a hazard of fring sharks wholly, travellers are advised to let go of any shark they might catch without even hesitating to take a image. Fishing for athletics is all right plenty, but is non favourable at the cost of the natural environment. Florida besides has many resorts and Lodges that are dedicated merely to angling vacationists. These concentrate more on serious fishing and are likely non the ideal topographic point to pass a household holiday. Some offer other services such as trekking, white-water rafting and kayaking that enhance the H2O bang experience for angling partisans. Some of the topographic points are located on the Florida mainland, within the wooded parts and are ideal musca volitanss for fresh-water fishing and fly-fishing. Many Lodges offer guided Tourss to the topographic points with the best gimmick and frequently give instructions to amateurs to assist them with the rudimentss of fishing. Many circuit operators offer package trades for Florida fishing holidaies, which include all agreements from travel to adjustment. These bundles can be across-the-board or designed to merely cover the basic installations as per required. At times, the bundle covers a round-the-world fishing trip with Florida as a halt in between. CANADIAN CABIN FISHING VACATIONS Nature offers persons the perfect chance to commune with themselves and indulge in some self-analysis. Populating wholly in the lap of nature, in a mountain cabin and trekking to the nearest pool to angle, is for most people, a holiday in Eden. Among the topographic points that make the perfect finish for cabin fishing holidaies is Canada, with its beautiful wilderness and ample fish assortments. Cabin fishing holidaies, although do nt supply these comfortss, are far better options for persons who want to pass an adventuresome holiday. Canada has an extended stretches of uninhabited land and forest right from the sea degree to the extremums of the Rockies. This part is hotspot for runing partisans as a assortment of game such as Elk, Caribou and Reindeer flock these lands. However, carnal rights groups allege that inordinate hunting is destructing the state s zoology and serious protests have taken topographic point to the consequence. But the authorities has yet to implement a prohibition on runing due to the net incomes that are made out of legalized hunting seasons. Unlike runing big animate beings, fishing is non considered controversial since it is the staple signifier of support in the part. The streams come alive with all types of salmon, signifier Chinook to Pink, in the one-year spawning season doing Canadian states the best fishing evidences in the universe. Other fish such as Pike, Sturgeon and Steelheads are besides available in plentifulness and the best topographic points to put up cantonments are British Columbia, Chilliwack and Fraser vale. These topographic points have been developed to some extent as tourer attractive forces with cabins and mountain Lodges that offer a hermit to visitants. In spring, travellers can emerge from these cabins and walk down to the river and lakes to indulge in some fly-fishing and pass the afternoon on the shore cooking their gimmick. In the early months of fall and winter, travellers can take to frost fishing and spend hours on the frozen lakes trusting to catch a bite. SPORT FISHING VACATIONS Each twelvemonth, 100s of featuring events are held all over the universe for angling partisans, doling out 1000s of dollars in award money. But for most participants it is the bang of the Hunt and non the award money that makes a athleticss angling holiday appealing. A holiday dedicated to fishing, although a popular thought would non look like the best manner to pass clip with household and friends. This is because fishing is a lone activity that requires long hours of forbearance and silence and is best done in small company. However, athleticss fishing is wholly different since it s a competition that attracts a batch of people. Sports fishing or trophy fishing foremost became popular in England as a royal past clip and since so has spread to every corner of the universe. Unlike the medieval times nevertheless, athleticss fishing is far more human these yearss and most events end with the fish being weighed, measured and released. Few events are barbarous plenty to kill the fish, gut it and put it on a plaque to function as a trophy and most that do so, do it illicitly. Many circuit operators arrange holiday bundles that take travellers to angling competitions over a broad scope of finishs. The visited venues include everything from fly-fishing in British Columbia to deep-sea fishing in the Great Barrier Reef. The athleticss fishing activities can last from a twosome of hours to a figure of yearss, although the existent holiday normally runs much longer. The general manner of planning is to see a location at a clip when a assortment of angling events are being held in different topographic points and for different degrees of experiences. These bundles by and large include the supply of angling rods and come-ons that are suited to the country s fishing demands. The agreements for rental boats, dories and other H2O vass to transport travellers to the fishing evidences are besides made. Before go forthing on a athleticss fishing holiday, travellers must guarantee that the circuit operator has given them precisely what was promised. GUATEMALA FISHING VACATIONS Fishing has been an activity of leisure for many old ages and today has become the driving force behind some of the most adventuresome holidaies in the universe. With fishing comes the reference of cheery beaches and crystal clear H2O and there are few topographic points on Earth that have these installations in every bit much copiousness as the Caribbean. Most states along the Caribbean Sea are hustling topographic points full of life and activity, where fishing is a manner of life. One such state is Guatemala that lies between the Caribbean and the Pacific Ocean. The state has been under continued habitation of all time since the Maya prospered here in the first millenary of the Common Era. From the Mayan civilisation through the Spanish conquering and even after independency, the people continue to depend upon the sea for all their demands. Fishing holidaies have been in being of all time since worlds stopped angling for endurance and started to angle for diversion. Since so, fishing has become one of the first holiday activities because it is a athletics and a relaxation activity all at the same clip. The most popular finishs for fishing holidaies are the seaside towns in little states like Guatemala. The chief ground for this is that these topographic points are inexpensive and offer an chance for a luxury fishing holidaies even at low budgets. Topographic points like Guatemala have been the sights of bloody revolution for many old ages. To alter the feeling that people have of Guatemala as a dictatorial government, the state has made rather a few attempts to advance touristry. One of them has been to project the coastal towns as angling hot spots and utilize them to pull angling partisans from all over the universe. There are many athleticss angling events held and the fishing season is unfastened all twelvemonth unit of ammunition. Trout, tuna, Cod and Pomfret are available in copiousness and each seashore has its ain portion of alone species as good. Many going bureaus and circuit operators help tourers plan their Guatemala fishing holiday and arrange bundles and across-the-board Tourss for groups every bit good.

Infernal Affairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Infernal Affairs - Essay Example Plot Synopsis Infernal Affairs involves the story of the two main characters, Chan and Lau, who are both connected to the Hong Kong triad and who both enlisted to the cadet academy. The story opens with the introduction of Hon as the triad’s leader who sends his recruits to a police academy to serve as a mole or spy in espionage language. The main characters, Chan and Lau, join the academy, but the former was expelled despite displaying a remarkable wit in the institution. Chan permanently joined the triad, while Lau entered the police force and performed excellently. The highlight of the movie reveals when police superintendent Wong led an operation intercepting the cocaine deal of the triad. The information of the cocaine deal came from Chan, who later in the film was revealed as having communication with Superintendent Wong. Lau, on one hand, sends a message to Hon regarding the operation using Morse codes. The operation yields Hon’s determination to win over Wong. T he story goes on with Lau’s dilemma over his allegiance to both the police force and to his role as a mole of the triad. ... Everything went okay between the two, when Chan discovered that Lau is the mole he is looking for. The tragic ending came when Chan was killed by Inspector B, a mole as well who equally feeds the gang with insider information. In the end, Chan is revealed as an undercover officer while Lau gives a salute to Chan in his funeral, and vows to forget his negative past and be a good cop. Themes The theme of the movie mainly revolves around a duality of character among individual actors that are cloaked around a web of deceit, pretension and lies. As the movie progresses, the director was able to convey the central theme using many ways, such as the multiple personality of characters introduced in the novel currently written by Lau’s girlfriend and the mystery as to what the real persona of the main characters is. Furthermore, the mystery unfolds as the movie creatively and suspensely depicts how the lives of the two main characters are tangled, and how living in lies became gradual ly their reality. In the words of Ebert (par. 9), pretension and lies as themes would not be enough justifications to watch the film; rather, the mind and conscience-provoking question as to how living in a persona that is totally different from the real person could be possible. In the end, it is just a matter of reclaiming the real self by spilling the beans, telling the truth, and facing the consequences, no matter how undesirable the outcome may be. Visual Elements: Angling and Shots, Lighting, Costumes and Set Locations Infernal Affairs really deserves an A when it comes to cinematography. In fact, a lot of movie critics are all-praised when it comes to the crispness of the shots, the

Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Archaeology - Essay Example In order to witness the past culture of a particular society, especially its material culture, archaeological evidences are considered as one of the most significant elements. Archaeological evidence includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and cultural landscapes that are the archaeological records of the society. However, the definition of the term ‘culture’ is not free of ambiguity. It has a unique nature of contradictory features. On one hand, culture is a dynamic phenomenon in the sense that it keeps moving and changing through decades and centuries. On the other hand, culture stands tall as a strong static element for societies witnessing various changes through ages. That is to say, the culture of a particular society constructs its own unique identity through ages by being its common image of consistence. This ambiguous nature of culture plays an important role in depicting the cultural lifespan of a society. In the context of archaeological culture, the dynam ic as well as static (or unique) nature of culture can be greatly influenced by cultural interaction of different societies. This paper briefly addresses the role of archaeological evidence with regard to describing the cultural life of past human societies. ... That is to say, a holistic approach concept of culture is essentially required to understand and explain cultural relations in a society. Further, the concept of culture is also associated closely with that of identity, both of an individual as well as the collective identity of a society. A commonly defined relationship of culture, ethnicity and individual relates to the broader understanding and conceptualization of ‘identity’. In the context of archaeological culture study, it involves empirical speculation of all such identities. One of the significant aspects to address while speculating identities is the issue of cultural contact or acculturation or cultural fusion. A historically evident and remarkable element of this culture contact is colonialism the presence of which is inevitable in the study of archaeological culture. Colonialism is considered as one of the most significant causes as well as consequences of cultural contact between cities, states and empires. Archaeology has a special role to play in the study and colonialism, and vice versa. While talking about the varieties of colonialism and their similarities (Gosden, 2004, p. 22), he argues that modern colonialism strikingly differs from the ancient times in the context that the previous includes particular features like â€Å"the creation of fixed orders of racial and cultural difference which were not found in the same manner amongst the Romans or the Greeks for instance.† Further, the result of colonialism has been remarkable: it â€Å"created new worlds through the meeting, clash and sometimes merger of varying values.† (Gosden, 2004, p. 23) Nonetheless, ‘culture contact’ is a broader term that includes a variety of elements other than just colonialism. It

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay

The Role Of Flexibility In The Work Place Management Essay Flexibility is a way to help people define how and when work is done, flexibility helps employers and employees work effectively to enable the organisation achieve its objectives. (Simonetta Manfredi, Director, Centre for Diversity Policy Research, Oxford Brookes University.) Flexibility is all about creating a situation where both the employer and employee benefit from the schedule of work, creating a balance between individual needs and delivering of service. (Helen Gibbs, Senior Personnel Adviser, London Borough of Sutton) Flexible working relates to working time, pattern of work and location of work (ACAS PAGE 6). Many employers in united kingdom have introduced a range of flexible working options for their employees. In (2004) the workplace employement relations survey (WERS) discovered that a good number of employees ( over 70 percent) gave some kind of flexible working option to employees and these has increased from the results of the survey carried out by workplace employme nt relations survey in 1998 ( Kersley et al, 2005). These increase in flexible working option by employers was propelled as a result of growing need for work life balance ( Bailyn et al, 2001). In the United Kingdom, legistlative support for parents who have young children that are disabled these would enable them to adapt a more flexible working practise because they offer employees the opportunity to choose where and where they want to work Vlasios Sarantinos (2007). For flexible working practise to work effectively there must be a transparent and accessible process that will be used to manage flexible request made by employees, this enables employees feel that the organisation is treating them fairly and their request for a different type of working arrangement is being looked into. In these essay i am going to be critically reviewing the role that flexibility can play in the work place. Building the culture Theres a clear set of shared values, including the service user comes first, and people mean business. Service users come to the office regularly so that backroom employees can meet them and have a sense of what the service is about. These values underpin the companys approach to flexible working. Employees feel they belong to something and are pushed to achieve their full potential. Management is hands on: managers will not hand work out to their staff unless they are able to do the work themselves. All managers have to do a care shift once a month so they dont lose touch with the needs of service users and employees. Internal communication is reinforced by open days, where the chief executive meets staff informally. Thirty per cent of managers diary time is non-prescribed, so as to leave time for informal contact with their staff. Peoples opinions are listened to. The number of managers has been halved from 24 to 12 and the company aims to recruit its managers from within. Finance Manager Steve Tuck believes that employees are motivated by seeing the improvement in the quality of life of service users. Its not unknown for people to take clients home for a meal. Put in ur own words. There are various forms of flexibility which organisations used to engage employees in an organisation Functional flexibility: These type of flexibility allows employees to make use of their competencies and skills to enable them move freely across the different channels of production. This type of flexibility is likely to be desired when the employee no longer has stable relationship with the organisation and it relies on training across the channels of production. Numerical flexibility: These flexibility depends on the ability of the organisation to increase or decrease its labour number as it chooses by hiring some temporary workers and employing people who will be given fixed contracts. Temporal flexibility: This type of flexibility involves adjustement of working hours to meet demands of production, part time working could be engaged in to handle intense peaks when needed. Financial flexibility: In financial flexibility labour cost is reduced with efforts put in by the organisation to secure profit making. Vlasios Sarantinos (2007) Below are examples of flexible working practise which employees make use of in an organisation: Part-time working: Its a form of work where employees are under a contract to work for less than the full time hours Term-time working: . in this working arrangement a staff remains on his or her permanent contract but can take paid/unpaid leave during school holidays. Job-sharing: This is a type of working arrangement where a job task is shared between two or more employees. Flexitime: in this working arrangements staffs are allowed to choose within a given time frame when they want to begin and end their work. Compressed hours: Compressed hours involve re allocating or reducing the set working hours into fewer and longer blocks during the week. Annual hours: The set time within which full-time staffs must work is defined over a whole year. Working from home on a regular basis: in this working arrangement the employees have a choice to work from home and report outcomes to their supervisor. Mobile working/teleworking: This allows staffs to work all or part of their working week at a location remote from the employers workplace. Career breaks: This are period in which the employee is allowed to go on break, it may be a career break or sabbatical. Chattered institute of personnel and development (2005) Flexibility is seen to be important in workplace to both employers and employees because it gives them an opportunity to organise the way they work in a way that will be comfortable with their personal lives. For employers flexible working can help retain staff who have the required and skill required by the employer, it also widens the talent pool in the job market enabling them to recruits potential workers with more skill and still retain the staffs that are loyal and committed which can lead to an increase in productivity and profitability(Confederation of British Industry 2009). Employers have realised that in order to provide quality services when needed by customers a flexible working system that involves the two parties is needed which makes the workforce flexible enough to adapt to changing business conditions. Recession has had an effect on organisation layout and operations causing a lot of people to loose their job and holding unto whatever they can lay their hands on. Th e effect recession has on flexible working can be viewed as both negative and positive. Negative, because it has led to an increase in the number of people working part time that would love to take up a full time job and positive from the employers perspective because employers respond to more flexibility which indicates that that there is a tendency for organisations to embrace flexible working to have as a new way of working in the organisation. We need increased flexibility in the work place if the economy is to return back to stable and sustained growth, and in order to do this we need to develop all resources available especially man power to help increase productivity and give the economy a competitive advantage. Employers may find it expensive introducing flexible working because of the cost it might incur, the business premises may have to be open for a longer period of time thereby increasing cost of heating and lightning(Confederation of British Industry 2009) . Flexible w orking also plays an important role to employees because it enables them to balance their job at work alongside their responsibilities at home because in the society today both men and women want flexible jobs which involves minimal travel to enable them share the responsibilities of raising a family. Flexible working improves the moral of employees and gives some a feeling of worth, it also reduces absence and lateness to work(The Women and Work Commission 2006) Flexible working has been seen to affect business by playing an important role to make sure that shifts are fully covered and services are maintained flexible working is needed in organisations ( British chambers of commerce, 2007). A flexible human capital practise makes organisations more stable, skilled and enthusiastic free from distractions, flexible working practisces helps organisations to attract talents, with the difference in generation of workers with varying lifestyle and working conditions, companies have to re organise their recruitment efforts, benefits plan, productivity incentives, work processes and work schedules in order to recruit qualified hands. Technological advancement also require that we think of how we can connect with people more effectively, organise teams and measure employees work performance when they work from home. Focused and talented employees who are on flexible schedules are likely to give out their best and be more committed to the goals and ob jectives of the organisation and deliver great value to customers who when satisfied continue to patronize the organisation thereby improving sales and boosting the companys image. flexibility also helps reduce cost associated with health care, overhead, labor, turn over and legal fees. Cost involved with labor can be reduced and profitability can be increased by using a flexible human capital practise in which you boost the output of one employee and efficiency among groups across the organisation and reduce waste as a result of poor concentration, loss of work time and mistakes.it reduces labor cost for the same output thereby increasing profitability. Flexibility also reduces health care cost because staffs have sufficient resources to meet the demands when they have control of planning their time, these flexible working practise reduces stress and depression faced by most employees which directly reduces health cost of the company. BOOK IMPACT OF FLEXIBILITY ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE. To raise morale and job satisfaction: flexible working increases the morale of employers to perform at their utmost best because they feel they are treated as adults who have control of their life and their time and they tend to perform at their utmost best when they are at work. To improve productivity/Quality : the need for producing a good quality product must be of paramount importance because there are cost associated with poor quality which dents the image of the organisation and makes customers unsatisfied, flexible working arrangement ensures fresh and capable hands at the production line at all times. When an employer is worn out down and his her shift is over another employee takes and continues the process of production.It also inspires and increases commitment an loyalty from staffs( Alison and Lou, 2001) Opposing flexibility Traditionally, flexibility has been seen as a characteristic of poor quality jobs (see for example De Witte, 1999; Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999), where employers have sought to achieve organisational flexibility by means of using non-standard working practices, such as part-time work and temporary employment. Reduced absence and employee turnover: Flexible working enables employees to take care of their personal obligations leading to a decrease in frequent absenteeism because they have more options to which their time can be managed and it helps skilled workers remain in the organisation because staffs are more likely to stay in the organisation. (British chambers of commerce, 2007). Reduced training costs : by introducing flexible working organisations retain trained employees there by saving up expenses that would have been used in training new staffs if the trained staffs were to exit. Promoting customer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction can be improved where, customer service hours can be extended or shifted to periods when it is most required, and Workers with different skills can be attracted and retained because of the flexible work system in the organisation to help respond to diverse customer requirements. ( Success with flexible working practices, 1997). Book success with flexible work practise. Flexibility has been seen traditionally to characterise poor quality jobs De witte, 1999, Nolan et al, 2000; Purcell et al, 1999) because employers try to achieve flexible working environment in the organisation by using working practices that are not up to standard, It might have been predicted generally that access to flexible working arrangement would impact job satisfaction positively, it has also been discovered that a higher sense of responsibility and work completion affects job satisfaction positively ( Hyman and Summers, 2004; Igbaria and Guiraraes, 1999), However findings on the effect of remote working on job satisfaction varied, In some studies lack of social interaction has lead to a negative impact on job satisfaction due to feelings of isolation ( igbaria and Guimaraes, 1999), while some people tend to have a higher job satisfaction ( Baruch,2000). Igbaria meant that employees working in remote locations may perform low because they are not satisfied with their job and this may be due the fact that they have no one to interact with however Baruch said that some employees may actually enjoy working in remote locations and it tends to enchance their job performance. Flexible working offers employees choices to help them achieve a work life balance that is satisfactory. Stress which is one of the problems employees face has been linked to flexible working but flexible working does not seem to have an effect on reducing stress levels. Stress and anxiety may also be created by flexible working because an employee that works for a smaller amount of time or hours reduces but still has the same level of workload as someone working full time this tends to put pressure on the employee which might stress him or her out trying to cope with the work load (Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008) It has been suggested by some researchers that people who spend more time working remotely tend to have lower job stress ( Raghuram and Wiesenfeld, 2004) however (Mann and Holdsworth, 2003) said that people working remotely show more signs of mental ill health than those working in organisational premises. Some evidence was found by Tietze and musson (2005) of some worker who work remotely experiencing stress, they tend to experience stress which was linked with the self organisation required of their work, because it created new demands on them. An analysis linked to stress pointed the fact that flexible working time or flex time affected absenteeism positively, while compressed working practise had no effect Baltes et al, (1999).Baltes was saying that when workers were allowed to work with flexitime that means choosing when to resume and close work within a set time frame that it enabled them to always show up for work because they could adjust their schedule to meet up with the ti me they choose and that compressed working did not affect absenteeism positively or negatively. Remote workers were worried about the lack of opportunities to develop themselves which the employer denied them having including mentoring from senior colleagues and informal learning Cooper and Kurland (2002). Cooper discovered that concerns began to grow among workers working remotely that their absence was not felt by the organisation and they were neglected with no further course or training to further develop their skills, and because of these flexible workers tend to have lower long term career potential Frank and Lowe (2003).Although Mc Closkey and igbaria (2003) brought a contrasting a view saying dat flexible working had no direct or indirect effect on career prospects of employees. Cohen and Single (2001) found that professional staffs who worked reduced working hours were less able to spend time developing their skill which is one of the business factors important for a succes full career(Dr Claire and Deirdre, 2008). Meaning that the less time professional workers spend in their workplace the less opportunity they get to learn new things. Business impact of flexible working The companys policies towards flexible working are reflected in its business outcomes. Since 1997, employment at the company has gone up from 60 to 280 staff and turnover has increased from  £1 million to  £9.5 million. Sickness absence has been reduced to 0.6 days a year, well below that for the care sector as a whole, which produces significant financial savings. The company also sees direct benefits in terms of staff recruitment and retention. Sandwell CCT came second in the Sunday Times 100 best companies to work for list in 2007, and first nationally in the work-life balance category. It also came first in the categories of managers who listen, managers motivating staff to give their best and training making a difference. It believes that this success has boosted the companys image as an employer. Employee turnover at Sandwell CCT is now 4%, compared with 20% or more across the care sector generally. Because staff enjoy their jobs, there is a high level of employee engagemen t and this is reflected in the quality of service and value for money. PUT IN UR OWN WORDS.

life and death :: essays research papers

What It Takes to Overcome Suffering When dealing with hardship in one’s life, people deal with it in diverse ways. One may overcome suffering through their own thoughts and ventilation, or by through their relationships with themselves, other people, or even a higher being. Alice Walker, an African American writer, narrows the scope of suffering to a single, courageous woman in her novel, The Color Purple. Through this remarkable woman, Celie, Walker illustrates that even when life can’t get any worse, one can overcome impossible odds. Alice Walker illustrates through Celie’s triumph over Mr. _____, one overcomes suffering through the presence of strong positive relationships. The obstacles that Celie overcomes are indicative of the relationships that she acquires. Through the relationships that Celie forms with God, Sofia, Nettie, Shug, and the ultimate relationship she develops with herself, she is able to overcome the abuse and hardship that is present in her life and her past. Celie’s upbringing was not one, that which someone would call typical. She must care for her brothers and sisters, and is already burdened with the cooking and cleaning of the household because of her mother’s deteriorating health. And if that is not a harsh struggle enough, Celie is being continuously raped by the man she knows to be her father. Celie gives birth to two of her father’s children, whom he sells after Celie gives birth. She is tormented with the thoughts of her two born children, and why these horrible things happen to her. Celie is mistreated and abused day to day, and accepts this as the norm childhood. Not only is the young, innocent Celie raped Ventura 2 again and again, she is beat by this man, when she does something he does not approve of. â€Å"He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church† (Walker 5). She is victimized by this man repeatedly and cannot help but only wonder why. She is thought of as nothing but a sexual object, and is taken advantage of over and over. She is stepped on repeatedly by her stepfather and is threatened not to say anything. â€Å"You better not never tell nobody but God. It’s kill your mammy† (Walker 1). She is silenced not to tell anyone about her explicit rapes because she knows it would kill her mother, and therefore only expresses her hardship to God. This poor young girl deals with hardship most adults do not even encounter, but handles it with her own prerogative.

European Commission’s Approach towards the Article 81 EC Essay

Introduction The objective of Article 81 is to limit restrictive agreements and other modes of complicity between independent firms in horizontal as well as vertical relationships[1]. Some instances of such prohibited practices are, â€Å"price fixing; limiting or controlling production, markets, technical development or investment; sharing markets or sources of supply; applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions; making the conclusion of contracts subject to supplementary obligations that have no connection with the subject of the contracts[2].† Moreover, it is immaterial if Article 81(1)[3] EC is implemented in such a fashion that most of the agreements that curtail economic freedom would be caught without any economic analysis having been performed[4]. The EC has commenced to apply a new economic approach and simultaneously the ECJ has accepted the fact that a proper rule of reason analysis has to be conducted under Article 81(3)[5]. The underlying principle of Article 3(g) of the EC Treaty[6] is to implement ‘a system†¦ [which ensures that] competition in the internal market is not distorted[7].† Prohibition of concerted practices, abuse of a dominant position and state aid is restricted to practices that affect trade between the Member States and ignores practices that influence domestic trade[8]. Nevertheless, Article 81 EC permits anti-competitive practices whose pro-competitive results overshadow their anti-competitive consequences[9].   In the sequel the scope of Article 81 EC has been discussed, in respect of anticompetitive issues. In this regard the substantive laws restricting the anticompetitive effects of markets and the procedural controls like prohibition and exemptions concerning public policy and economic approach have been discussed at length. In this context relevant case laws have been discussed. The contemporary tendency is to restrict competitive agreements. The Commission has implemented a more economic approach by means of the rule of reason in Article 81(1) EC, which has assisted decentralization with regard to the enforcement of Article 81(3) EC[10]. Free Competition In order to ensure free competition in the Single Market, agreements which not only have a significant effect on the trade between the Member States but also prevent, restrict or distort competition in the Single Market are prohibited by Article 81[11]. Article 81 EC contains a list of practices that are usually excluded[12]. These relate mainly to licensing agreements for patents and other intellectual property rights. Competition Law Test In general, the Commission’s exemption policy favours the application of a competition law test. The block exemption on vertical restraints is merely an interchange between curbing intrabrand competition and encouragement of interbrand competition[13]. The European Commission is authorized to remove the advantage of an exemption in respect of agreements that are at variance with Article 81(3)[14]. Vertical Agreements The national authorities can deprive vertical agreements that contravene Article 81(3) of the benefit of exemption.[15] In respect of vertical agreements that restrict competition and include fifty percent or more of a specific market, the Commission will cancel the exemption and apply Article 81(1) in its entirety[16]. Further, in cases of undue advantage of a dominant position, exemption is permitted by Article 82 EC[17]. The agreements pertaining to the supply and distribution of goods comply with the new Block Exemption Regulation[18]. These guidelines and Block Exemption Regulation constitute a competition policy that favours an economic approach rather than a regulatory approach to vertical agreements. This indicates the Commission’s intention to bring its competition rules into play[19]. Formerly the EC had adopted a formalistic approach that had construed any restriction of commercial freedom to be restrictive of competition. Further, the Commission had a monopoly in respect of implementing Article 81(3). Article 81(1) was given a wide interpretation as it had to be enforced uniformly in all the Member States[20]. Article 81 In Mà ©tropole Tà ©là ©vision (M6) et al. v. Commission[21], the Court of First Instance or CFI held that a monetary outlook was necessary as per the provisions of Article 81(3) [22]. The judgement in this case is in conformity with the present outlook of the Commission. This approach is the upshot of the White Paper and the new notice on Article 81(3) EC[23]. In this approach there is a retreat from the formalistic approach. Since, the objective of the new notice is to engender the consumer’s welfare; it requires a substantive analysis of the market in order to determine whether an agreement violates Article 81(1) EC[24]. Article 81(3) rescinds the prohibitions in Article 81(1) if competition exists for a large range of products, the manufacture or allocation of goods, and if technical and economic progress do not show any improvement[25]. Further, decisions of the Commission under Article 2(4) of Regulation 4064/89 result in a balancing exercise[26]. Thus, while applying Article 81 EC the national courts have to perform the competition law test, which is in most of the cases imposed by Article 81(3) EC[27]. In all other instances the national courts can obtain either the Commission’s assistance as per Article 15(1) EC or the ECJ’s assistance as per Article 234 EC[28]. Since, the national courts cannot apply Article 81(3) EC; the ECJ transferred the necessary portions of Article 81(3) EC to Article 81(1) EC[29]. Article 81 EC does not apply to agreements that leave trade between member states unaffected. These agreements are the exclusive domain of the national authorities. This basic test of whether or not interstate trade was affected was dealt with by the E.C.J. in Socià ©tà © Technique Minià ¨re v. Maschinenbau Ulm[30], the E.C.J. held that â€Å"it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact that the agreement in question may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States[31].† Economic Approach The adoption of an economic approach first, ensures that legal provisions are not rendered ineffective due to anti-competitive behaviour[32]. This approach applies a more consistent treatment to the different practices, because a similar treatment is accorded to practices with the same outcome[33]. Second, this approach ensures that the statutory provisions do not achieve an unjustified frustration of competitive strategies[34]. Hence, a competition policy approach that recognizes this fact will guarantee the protection of consumers and also encourage increased productivity and growth[35]. The EU competition law has progressed towards a policy that depends on a market centered economy[36] and in 2004 an enforcement procedure incorporating these considerations was implemented by the European Community. The necessity to adopt an approach that is more economic based to market definition, dominance and abuse has been conceded by the European Commission. Undertakings with a market share in excess of fifty percent can easily establish that they are not dominating the market and this stance has been accepted by the Commission[37]. Daimler Chrysler secured a highly significant reduction of the fines imposed on it by the Commission for alleged infringements of Art.81 on the German, Spanish and Belgian car market in 2001[38]. The CFI annulled two of the three findings of infringements, which resulted in a reduction of the fine from â‚ ¬ 71.8 million to â‚ ¬ 9.8 million[39]. Since, Daimler Chrysler was unable to establish that its Belgian subsidiary had acted independently; the CFI did not annul the decision to fine Daimler Chrysler[40]. In this case the Commission had labeled three of the Daimler Chrysler agreements as being anti competitive. The CFI set aside two of these allegations and upheld only one of them[41], thereby indicating that competitive agreements had been prohibited. In Tetra Laval v. Commission, the Commission prohibited the merger of Sidel SA and Tetra Laval BV. Sidel was a manufacturer of stretch blow moulding machines used for packaging liquid foods in plastic. Tetra was a dominant company in the carton-packaging market operating through a related company[42]. The Commission considered the merger of Tetra Laval and Sidel to be anti competitive and prohibited it; however, the CFI disagreed with the Commission and permitted the merger. Although, Article 81(3) permits the elimination of competition Vis – a – Vis a significant number of products, the application of Article 82[43] cannot be frustrated by Article 81(3) [44]. Moreover, not all the restrictive agreements entered into by a dominant undertaking represent the abuse of its dominant position[45]. The exemptions under Article 81(3) are contained in block exemption regulations;[46] and their standardization gains automatic exemption if the joint market share is less than twenty five percent and the agreement conform to the requirements of the joint R&D block exemption regulation[47]. In the context of a new product or a product in which the participating companies do not compete, the block exemption’s validity exists even above the twenty five percent ceiling for the duration of the standard setting and subsequently for seven years[48].  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Prohibition of Competition Agreements One of the difficulties faced by Community law is to restrict intra brand competition (or competition among retailers or distributors of the same brand) by means of territorial distinctiveness, without restricting parallel trade. Of these restrictions the most important are those that create territorial restrictions[49]. Moreover, a distributor might enter into an exclusive distribution agreement solely â€Å"for the purpose of obtaining absolute territorial protection in order to ensure protection from free riders and safeguard investment in the promotion of the product[50].† This protection is essential for launching a new product which requires more promotion than an established product. Moreover, insufficient protection may prevent the distributor from deploying the product with the result that the product may not make an entry into the market[51]. In the absence of territorial protection some distribution agreements cannot be established, for instance, in Societe la Technique Miniere[52], the Court held that a term bestowing territorial distinctiveness on a distributor would not violate Article 81(1), if it was essential for the distributor to market a producer’s product[53]. Even though, the Commission is conscious of the commercial necessity for territorial protection, it has never accepted that the aim of territorial restrictions is to assist pro competitive agreements. The Commission while permitting partial territorial exclusivity will not endure the hindrance to parallel imports, even if the agreements granting unconditional territorial protection may augment inter – brand competition, and consequently help in the assimilation of markets within the community[54]. In the Wouters case, there was a disagreement between competition rules and non competition goals. Further, harmonizing amid competition rules are absent in both Articles 81(1) and 81(3) EC[55]. If suitable conditions are present Article 81 EC can be matched against public interest concern. Since, Article 81(1) and 81(3) did not attach sufficient importance to the protection of the legal profession’s freedom it was undermined[56]. Consten and Grundig[57] established proscription on the formation of an unqualified territorial defense. Such a stringent approach has been implemented because these restrictions could prevent the development of the internal market by isolating the national markets. Moreover, the Community Authorities want to ensure that some manner of parallel trade is preserved by means of passive sales that originate outside the contract area. In case of vertical agreements total territorial protection is banned and the Court has assumed a moderate approach in less restrictive territorial limitations[58]. The fact remains that even the vertical agreements regulation is unable to distinguish between active sales and passive sales, which are not to be banned[59]. The guidelines have made it clear that selective distribution agreements could result in an increase in intra brand competition and eliminate access to markets[60]. However, selective distribution agreements could augment inter brand competition or competition based on brands or labels. Since, the sales staff are to be given relevant training there will be an increase in after sales services, the servicing of guarantees, etc[61]. The relevant case law in respect of selective distributive agreements has been accused of being intricate, contradictory and perplexing and it has rendered the task of concluding whether an agreement infringes Article 81(1). Moreover, confusion prevails in respect of the products that validate selective distribution[62]. Vertical restraints are constraints on the freedom of behaviour for undertakings resulting from a vertical agreement. Although, vertical restraints prevent, restrict or distort competition they also engender efficiency improvements. Hence, the resultant economic effect is unclear[63]. Conclusion Competition is one of the most important factors that elicit a faster growing, consumer-oriented European economy[64]. In this context, â€Å"†¦The Commission has to adopt clear guidelines and binding legislation in order to secure the legal certainty of the undertakings that have to operate under the EC Competition Law Framework[65].† The uniformity in interpreting and applying competition rules are essential for legal certainty which is necessary to decentralize EC competition law[66]. At present an inordinate delay takes place, â€Å"from the time a potential claimant is subjected to anti-competitive agreement or practice till it is brought before the national court, question to the ECJ are formulated and a reply is received, and the national court eventually rules on the issue[67].† It would benefit everyone if both policy and lawmakers study the American experience that reveals that legal certainty cannot be ensured by, â€Å"leaving it up to the parties in trials before the courts[68].† In this manner it can be seen that despite the European Commission’s approach to Article 81 involving a greater use of sensible economic analysis, too many agreements which are anti-competitive are still prohibited. The foregoing analysis reveals that a significant number of competitive agreements are being prohibited due to decentralization and a narrow approach that favours public interest and economic policy. Bibliography Books    Albors – Llorens, Albertina. 2002. EC Competition Law and Policy. Willan Publishing. P. 18. ISBN: 1903240743. Dabbah, Maher M. 2004. EC and UK Competition Law: Commentary, Cases and Materials. Cambridge University Press. P. 56. ISBN: 0521604680. Mac Culloch, Angus and Rodger, Barry J. 2004. Competition Law and Policy in the EC and UK. Routledge Cavendish. ISBN: 185941933X. 139, 191, 192, 195. Stuyck, Julien, Gilliams, Hans and Ballon, Elke. 2002. Modernisation of European Competition Law: The Commission’s Proposal for a New Regulation.P. 55 -56. ISBN: 9050952224. Tillotson, John and Foster, Nigel G. 2003. Text, Cases & Materials on European Union Law 4/E. Routledge Cavendish. P 407. ISBN  : 1859417779.       Journals and Working Papers       Article 81. Official Journal of the European Communities. Consolidated version of the treaty establishing the European Union. 24.12.2002. C 325/64. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/dat/12002E/pdf/12002E_EN.pdf       Bourgeois and Bocken. Guidelines on the Application of Article 81(3) of the EC Treaty or How to Restrict a Restriction. 32 Legal Issues of Economic Integration 111 (2005), pp. 112-113. Brusick, Philippe; Alvarez, Ana Maria and Cernat, Lucian. Competition Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements: How to Assure Development Gains. Chapter IX Modernization of the European System. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2005. United Nations Publication. Symbol No. UNCTAD/DITC/CLP/2005/1. p. 284.    Goldschmidt, Peter I.B and Lanz, Christoph. Maybe Definitely – Definitely Maybe? EC Competition Law – Is the time ripe for reform? European Institute of Public Administration. EIPASCOPE 2/2001. Retrieved from http://www.eipa.nl/cms/repository/eipascope/scop2001_2_2.pdf Kallaugher, John and Weitbrecht, Andreas. 2006. Developments under Articles 81 and 82 EC – the Year 2005 in Review. C.L.R. Issue 3. p. 139, 143.  © Sweet & Maxwell and Contributors. Komninos, Assimakis P. 2005. Non – competition Concerns: Resolution of Conflicts in the Integrated Article 81 EC. The University of Oxford Centre for Competition Law and Policy. Working Paper (L) 08/05. Pp. 3, 5, 10. Retrieved from http://www.competition-law.ox.ac.uk/lawvle/users/ezrachia/CCLP%20L%2008-05.pdf